What is SS-31?
SS-31 (elamipretide, brand: Bendavia) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide (D-Arg-2′6′-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) that selectively concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation for Barth syndrome and primary mitochondrial myopathy. Phase III trials for heart failure (PROGRESS-HF) and primary mitochondrial myopathy demonstrated significant functional improvements. Not yet FDA-approved for any indication.
Mechanism of Action
Selective binding to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane; stabilizes cristae structure and electron transport chain supercomplexes; reduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS); restores ATP synthesis efficiency without changing membrane potential
Target: Cardiolipin (inner mitochondrial membrane), electron transport chain
Research Indications
Research supports improvements in mitochondrial bioenergetics and ATP production
May improve insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism
Early research suggests potential effects on cellular aging markers
Research Protocols
These are commonly discussed research protocols — not medical advice. Consult a healthcare provider before use.
| Goal | Dose | Frequency | Route |
|---|---|---|---|
| Starting Dose | Low dose | Per protocol | Varies |
| Standard Dose | Titrated | Per protocol | Varies |
Peptide & Drug Interactions
Always consult your healthcare provider before combining with other compounds. Use our Interaction Checker for reference.
How to Reconstitute & Inject
Use bacteriostatic (BAC) water only. Avoid saline — may cause precipitation. Refrigerate and use within 28 days.
- 1
Remove SS-31 vial from refrigeration and allow to reach room temperature (15–20 minutes)
- 2
Clean vial top with alcohol swab and allow to air dry completely
- 3
Using a sterile syringe, draw the calculated volume of bacteriostatic water (BAC water)
- 4
Inject BAC water slowly down the side of the vial — do not aim directly at the powder
- 5
Gently swirl in circular motions — DO NOT shake vigorously as this degrades the peptide
- 6
Allow 2–3 minutes for full dissolution — solution should be clear and colorless
- 7
Draw calculated dose into an insulin syringe for subcutaneous injection
- 8
Inject into abdomen, thigh, or upper arm. Rotate injection sites to prevent lipodystrophy
- 9
Store reconstituted solution refrigerated (2–8°C) and use within 28 days
What to Expect
Week 1–2
Initial effects and adaptation period. Monitor for any adverse reactions.
Week 2–4
Primary effects begin to manifest. Adjust dosing as recommended by your provider.
Week 4–8
Main therapeutic effects should be established. Assess progress with your provider.
Week 8+
Evaluate results and determine continuation, cycling, or dose adjustments.
Side Effects & Safety
- Injection site reactions (redness, bruising, mild pain)
- Potential for allergic reaction — discontinue if rash or hives occur
- Individual reactions vary — start at the lowest dose and monitor carefully
- Consult your healthcare provider before use and report any unusual symptoms
FDA Status & Regulatory Info
SS-31 (elamipretide, brand: Bendavia) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide (D-Arg-2′6′-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) that selectively concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation for Barth syndrome and primary mitochondrial myopathy. Phase III trials for heart failure (PROGRESS-HF) and primary mitochondrial myopathy demonstrated significant functional improvements. Not yet FDA-approved for any indication.
Frequently Asked Questions
Research References
External links for education only. We do not control third-party content.
Community-reported data
The information below reflects self-reported experiences from PeptIQ app users. It is not clinical evidence and should not replace professional medical advice.
Community Intelligence
What 57 users report
Positive 2% · Neutral 1% · Negative 97%
Most reported benefits
Most reported side effects
Dose distribution
Median: 2000+ mcg · Most common: 2000+ mcg
Commonly stacked with
How repeat users are trending
Among repeat reporters, 92% said they felt similar to their last entry, 8% more positive, and 0% more negative.
Overall, repeat reporters leaned more positive than their previous entry.
Median gap between entries: 73 days · Based on 37 repeat reporters
Share Your Experience
Rate SS-31 in the PeptIQ app and help the community make informed decisions.
Research purposes only
This page is for educational reference. It is not medical or legal advice. Consult the FDA and a licensed healthcare professional for current regulations and individualized guidance.